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// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 or the MIT License.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
// Copyright Tock Contributors 2022.
//! Frame buffer driver for the Japan Display LPM013M126 display
//!
//! Used in Bangle.js 2 and [Jazda](https://jazda.org).
//! The driver is configured for the above devices:
//! EXTCOM inversion is driven with EXTCOMIN.
//!
//! This driver supports monochrome mode only.
//!
//! Written by Dorota <gihu.dcz@porcupinefactory.org>
use core::cell::Cell;
use core::cmp;
use kernel::debug;
use kernel::deferred_call::{DeferredCall, DeferredCallClient};
use kernel::hil::gpio::Pin;
use kernel::hil::screen::{Screen, ScreenClient, ScreenPixelFormat, ScreenRotation, ScreenSetup};
use kernel::hil::spi::{SpiMasterClient, SpiMasterDevice};
use kernel::hil::time::{Alarm, AlarmClient, ConvertTicks};
use kernel::utilities::cells::{OptionalCell, TakeCell};
use kernel::utilities::leasable_buffer::SubSliceMut;
use kernel::ErrorCode;
/// 4-bit frame buffer bytes.
///
/// 176 rows, of 176 4-bit pixels and a 2-byte command header, plus a
/// trailing 2 byte transfer period
const ROWS: usize = 176;
const COLS: usize = 176;
const ROW_BYTES: usize = COLS / 2;
const LINE_LEN: usize = ROW_BYTES + 2;
pub const BUF_LEN: usize = ROWS * LINE_LEN + 2;
struct InputBuffer<'a, const PIXEL_BITS: usize> {
data: &'a [u8],
frame: &'a WriteFrame,
}
impl<'a, const PIXEL_BITS: usize> InputBuffer<'a, PIXEL_BITS> {
fn rows(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Row> {
let chunk_width = if PIXEL_BITS < 8 {
self.frame.width as usize / (8 / PIXEL_BITS)
} else {
self.frame.width as usize * (PIXEL_BITS / 8)
};
self.data.chunks(chunk_width).map(|data| Row { data })
}
}
struct Pixel<'a> {
data: &'a u8,
top: bool,
}
impl<'a> Pixel<'a> {
fn get(&self) -> u8 {
if self.top {
(*self.data >> 4) & 0xf
} else {
*self.data & 0xf
}
}
}
struct PixelMut<'a> {
data: &'a Cell<u8>,
top: bool,
}
impl<'a> PixelMut<'a> {
fn transform<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce(&mut u8),
{
let mut data = if self.top {
(self.data.get() & 0xf0) >> 4
} else {
self.data.get() & 0x0f
};
f(&mut data);
if self.top {
self.data.set(self.data.get() & 0x0f | ((data << 4) & 0xf0));
} else {
self.data.set(self.data.get() & 0xf0 | (data & 0x0f));
}
}
}
struct Row<'a> {
data: &'a [u8],
}
impl<'a> Row<'a> {
fn iter<'b>(&'b self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Pixel<'a>> {
self.data
.iter()
.flat_map(|data| [Pixel { data, top: true }, Pixel { data, top: false }])
}
}
struct RowMut<'a> {
data: &'a [Cell<u8>],
}
impl<'a> RowMut<'a> {
fn iter_mut(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PixelMut> {
self.data
.iter()
.flat_map(|data| [PixelMut { data, top: true }, PixelMut { data, top: false }])
}
}
/// Arranges frame data in a buffer
/// whose portions can be sent directly to the device.
struct FrameBuffer<'a> {
data: SubSliceMut<'a, u8>,
}
impl<'a> FrameBuffer<'a> {
/// Turns a regular buffer (back) into a FrameBuffer.
/// If the buffer is fresh, and the display is initialized,
/// this *MUST* be initialized after the call to `new`.
fn new(mut frame_buffer: SubSliceMut<'a, u8>) -> Self {
frame_buffer.reset();
Self { data: frame_buffer }
}
/// Initialize header bytes for each line.
fn initialize(&mut self) {
for i in 0..ROWS {
self.set_line_header(
i,
&CommandHeader {
mode: Mode::Input4Bit,
gate_line: (i + 1) as u16,
},
);
}
}
/// Copy pixels from the buffer. The buffer may be shorter than frame.
fn blit_rgb565(&mut self, buffer: InputBuffer<16>) {
let frame_rows = self
.rows()
.skip(buffer.frame.row as usize)
.take(buffer.frame.height as usize);
let buf_rows = buffer.rows();
for (frame_row, buf_row) in frame_rows.zip(buf_rows) {
for (frame_pixel, buf_pixel) in frame_row
.iter_mut()
.skip(buffer.frame.column as usize)
.zip(buf_row.data.chunks_exact(2))
{
let buf_pixel = [buf_pixel[0], buf_pixel[1]];
let buf_p = u16::from_le_bytes(buf_pixel);
frame_pixel.transform(|pixel| {
let red = if (buf_p >> 11) & 0b11111 >= 32 / 2 {
// are red five bits more than 50%?
0b1000
} else {
0
};
let green = if (buf_p >> 5) & 0b111111 >= 64 / 2 {
// green 6 bits more than 50%?
0b0100
} else {
0
};
let blue = if buf_p & 0b11111 >= 32 / 2 {
// blue five bits more than 50%?
0b0010
} else {
0
};
*pixel = red | green | blue;
});
}
}
}
/// Copy pixels from the buffer. The buffer may be shorter than frame.
fn blit_rgb332(&mut self, buffer: InputBuffer<8>) {
let frame_rows = self
.rows()
.skip(buffer.frame.row as usize)
.take(buffer.frame.height as usize);
let buf_rows = buffer.rows();
for (frame_row, buf_row) in frame_rows.zip(buf_rows) {
for (frame_pixel, buf_pixel) in frame_row
.iter_mut()
.skip(buffer.frame.column as usize)
.zip(buf_row.data.iter())
{
let buf_p: u8 = *buf_pixel;
frame_pixel.transform(|pixel| {
let red = if (buf_p >> 5) & 0b111 >= 7 / 2 {
// are red three bits more than 50%?
0b1000
} else {
0
};
let green = if (buf_p >> 2) & 0b111 >= 7 / 2 {
// green three bits more than 50%?
0b0100
} else {
0
};
let blue = if buf_p & 0b11 >= 3 / 2 {
// blue two bits more than 50%?
0b0010
} else {
0
};
*pixel = red | green | blue;
});
}
}
}
/// Copy pixels from the buffer. The buffer may be shorter than frame.
fn blit_4bit_srgb(&mut self, buffer: InputBuffer<4>) {
let frame_rows = self
.rows()
.skip(buffer.frame.row as usize)
.take(buffer.frame.height as usize);
let buf_rows = buffer.rows();
for (frame_row, buf_row) in frame_rows.zip(buf_rows) {
for (frame_pixel, buf_pixel) in frame_row
.iter_mut()
.skip(buffer.frame.column as usize)
.zip(buf_row.iter())
{
let buf_p: u8 = buf_pixel.get();
if buf_p & 0b1 != 0 {
frame_pixel.transform(|pixel| {
// transform from sRGB to the LPM native 4-bit format.
//
// 4-bit sRGB is encoded as `| B | G | R | s |`, where
// `s` is something like intensity. We'll interpret
// intensity `0` to mean transparent, and intensity
// `1` to mean opaque. Meanwhile LPM native 4-bit is
// encoded as `| R | G | B | x |`, where `x` is
// ignored. So we need to swap the R & B bits, and
// only apply the pixel if `s` is 1.
*pixel = ((buf_p & 0b10) << 2) | (buf_p & 0b100) | ((buf_p & 0b1000) >> 2);
});
}
}
}
}
fn set_line_header(&mut self, index: usize, header: &CommandHeader) {
const CMD: usize = 2;
if let Some(buf) = self.data[(LINE_LEN * index)..].first_chunk_mut::<CMD>() {
*buf = header.encode();
}
}
fn rows(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = RowMut> {
self.data.as_slice().chunks_mut(LINE_LEN).map_while(|c| {
c.get_mut(2..).map(|data| RowMut {
data: Cell::from_mut(data).as_slice_of_cells(),
})
})
}
}
/// Modes are 6-bit, network order.
/// They use a tree-ish encoding, so only the ones in use are listed here.
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
enum Mode {
/// Clear memory
/// bits: 0 Function, X, 1 Clear, 0 Blink off, X, X
AllClear = 0b001000,
/// Input 1-bit data
/// bits: 1 No function, X, 0 Data Update, 01 1-bit, X
Input1Bit = 0b100_01_0,
Input4Bit = 0b100100,
NoUpdate = 0b101000,
}
/// Command header is composed of a 6-bit mode and 10 bits of address,
/// network bit order.
struct CommandHeader {
mode: Mode,
gate_line: u16,
}
impl CommandHeader {
/// Formats header for transfer
fn encode(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
((self.gate_line & 0b1111111111) | ((self.mode as u16) << 10)).to_be_bytes()
}
}
/// Area of the screen to which data is written
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct WriteFrame {
row: u16,
column: u16,
width: u16,
height: u16,
}
/// Internal state of the driver.
/// Each state can lead to the next one in order of appearance.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
enum State {
/// Data structures not ready, call `setup`
Uninitialized,
/// Display hardware is off, uninitialized.
Off,
InitializingPixelMemory,
/// COM polarity and internal latch circuits
InitializingRest,
// Normal operation
Idle,
AllClearing,
Writing,
/// This driver is buggy. Turning off and on will try to recover it.
Bug,
}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum InitError {
BufferTooSmall,
}
pub struct Lpm013m126<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> {
spi: &'a S,
extcomin: &'a P,
disp: &'a P,
state: Cell<State>,
pixel_format: Cell<ScreenPixelFormat>,
frame: Cell<WriteFrame>,
/// Fields responsible for sending callbacks
/// for actions completed in software.
ready_callback: DeferredCall,
ready_callback_handler: ReadyCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S>,
command_complete_callback: DeferredCall,
command_complete_callback_handler: CommandCompleteCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S>,
/// The HIL requires updates to arbitrary rectangles.
/// The display supports only updating entire rows,
/// so edges need to be cached.
frame_buffer: OptionalCell<FrameBuffer<'static>>,
client: OptionalCell<&'a dyn ScreenClient>,
/// Buffer for incoming pixel data, coming from the client.
/// It's not submitted directly anywhere.
buffer: TakeCell<'static, [u8]>,
/// Needed for init and to flip the EXTCOMIN pin at regular intervals
alarm: &'a A,
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S>
where
Self: 'static,
{
pub fn new(
spi: &'a S,
extcomin: &'a P,
disp: &'a P,
alarm: &'a A,
frame_buffer: &'static mut [u8; BUF_LEN],
) -> Result<Self, InitError> {
Ok(Self {
spi,
alarm,
disp,
extcomin,
ready_callback: DeferredCall::new(),
ready_callback_handler: ReadyCallbackHandler::new(),
command_complete_callback: DeferredCall::new(),
command_complete_callback_handler: CommandCompleteCallbackHandler::new(),
frame_buffer: OptionalCell::new(FrameBuffer::new((frame_buffer as &mut [u8]).into())),
pixel_format: Cell::new(ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_565),
buffer: TakeCell::empty(),
client: OptionalCell::empty(),
state: Cell::new(State::Uninitialized),
frame: Cell::new(WriteFrame {
row: 0,
column: 0,
width: COLS as u16,
height: ROWS as u16,
}),
})
}
/// Set up internal data structures.
/// Does not touch the hardware.
/// Idempotent.
pub fn setup(&'static self) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
// Needed this way to avoid exposing accessors to deferred callers.
// That would be unnecessary, no external data is needed.
// At the same time, self must be static for client registration.
match self.state.get() {
State::Uninitialized => {
self.ready_callback_handler.lpm.set(self);
self.ready_callback.register(&self.ready_callback_handler);
self.command_complete_callback_handler.lpm.set(self);
self.command_complete_callback
.register(&self.command_complete_callback_handler);
self.state.set(State::Off);
Ok(())
}
_ => Err(ErrorCode::ALREADY),
}
}
fn initialize(&self) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
match self.state.get() {
State::Off | State::Bug => {
// Even if we took Pin type that implements Output,
// it's still possible that it is *not configured as a output*
// at the moment.
// To ensure outputness, output must be configured at runtime,
// even though this eliminates pins
// which don't implement Configure due to being
// simple, unconfigurable outputs.
self.extcomin.make_output();
self.extcomin.clear();
self.disp.make_output();
self.disp.clear();
match self.frame_buffer.take() {
None => Err(ErrorCode::NOMEM),
Some(mut frame_buffer) => {
// Cheating a little:
// the frame buffer does not yet contain pixels,
// so use its beginning to send the clear command.
frame_buffer.set_line_header(
0,
&CommandHeader {
mode: Mode::AllClear,
gate_line: 0,
},
);
let mut l = frame_buffer.data;
l.slice(0..2);
let res = self.spi.read_write_bytes(l, None);
let (res, new_state) = match res {
Ok(()) => (Ok(()), State::InitializingPixelMemory),
Err((e, buf, _)) => {
self.frame_buffer.replace(FrameBuffer::new(buf));
(Err(e), State::Bug)
}
};
self.state.set(new_state);
res
}
}
}
_ => Err(ErrorCode::ALREADY),
}
}
fn uninitialize(&self) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
match self.state.get() {
State::Off => Err(ErrorCode::ALREADY),
_ => {
// TODO: investigate clearing pixels asynchronously,
// like the datasheet asks.
// It seems to turn off fine without clearing, but
// perhaps the state of the buffer affects power draw when off.
// The following stops extcomin timer.
self.alarm.disarm()?;
self.disp.clear();
self.state.set(State::Off);
self.ready_callback.set();
Ok(())
}
}
}
fn arm_alarm(&self) {
// Datasheet says 2Hz or more often flipping is required
// for transmissive mode.
let delay = self.alarm.ticks_from_ms(100);
self.alarm.set_alarm(self.alarm.now(), delay);
}
fn handle_ready_callback(&self) {
self.client.map(|client| client.screen_is_ready());
}
fn handle_command_complete_callback(&self) {
// Thankfully, this is the only command that results in the callback,
// so there's no danger that this will get attributed
// to a command that's not finished yet.
self.client.map(|client| client.command_complete(Ok(())));
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> Screen<'a> for Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S>
where
Self: 'static,
{
fn get_resolution(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
(ROWS, COLS)
}
fn get_pixel_format(&self) -> ScreenPixelFormat {
self.pixel_format.get()
}
fn get_rotation(&self) -> ScreenRotation {
ScreenRotation::Normal
}
fn set_write_frame(
&self,
x: usize,
y: usize,
width: usize,
height: usize,
) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
let (columns, rows) = self.get_resolution();
if y >= rows || y + height > rows || x >= columns || x + width > columns {
//return Err(ErrorCode::INVAL);
}
let frame = WriteFrame {
row: y as u16,
column: x as u16,
width: width as u16,
height: height as u16,
};
self.frame.set(frame);
self.command_complete_callback.set();
Ok(())
}
fn write(
&self,
data: SubSliceMut<'static, u8>,
_continue_write: bool,
) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
let len = data.len();
let buffer = data.take();
let ret = match self.state.get() {
State::Uninitialized | State::Off => Err(ErrorCode::OFF),
State::InitializingPixelMemory | State::InitializingRest => Err(ErrorCode::BUSY),
State::Idle => {
self.frame_buffer
.take()
.map_or(Err(ErrorCode::NOMEM), |mut frame_buffer| {
match self.pixel_format.get() {
ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_332 => {
frame_buffer.blit_rgb332(InputBuffer {
data: &buffer[..cmp::min(buffer.len(), len)],
frame: &self.frame.get(),
});
}
ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_565 => {
frame_buffer.blit_rgb565(InputBuffer {
data: &buffer[..cmp::min(buffer.len(), len)],
frame: &self.frame.get(),
});
}
_ => frame_buffer.blit_4bit_srgb(InputBuffer {
data: &buffer[..cmp::min(buffer.len(), len)],
frame: &self.frame.get(),
}),
}
frame_buffer.set_line_header(
0,
&CommandHeader {
mode: Mode::NoUpdate,
gate_line: 0,
},
);
let mut l = frame_buffer.data;
l.slice(0..2);
let sent = self.spi.read_write_bytes(l, None);
let (ret, new_state) = match sent {
Ok(()) => (Ok(()), State::AllClearing),
Err((e, buf, _)) => {
self.frame_buffer.replace(FrameBuffer::new(buf));
(Err(e), State::Idle)
}
};
self.state.set(new_state);
ret
})
}
State::AllClearing | State::Writing => Err(ErrorCode::BUSY),
State::Bug => Err(ErrorCode::FAIL),
};
self.buffer.replace(buffer);
ret
}
fn set_client(&self, client: &'a dyn ScreenClient) {
self.client.set(client);
}
fn set_power(&self, enable: bool) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
let ret = if enable {
self.initialize()
} else {
self.uninitialize()
};
// If the device is in the desired state by now,
// then a callback needs to be sent manually.
if let Err(ErrorCode::ALREADY) = ret {
self.ready_callback.set();
Ok(())
} else {
ret
}
}
fn set_brightness(&self, _brightness: u16) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
// TODO: add LED PWM
Err(ErrorCode::NOSUPPORT)
}
fn set_invert(&self, _inverted: bool) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
Err(ErrorCode::NOSUPPORT)
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> ScreenSetup<'a> for Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S> {
fn set_client(&self, _client: &'a dyn kernel::hil::screen::ScreenSetupClient) {
todo!()
}
fn set_resolution(&self, resolution: (usize, usize)) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
if resolution == (ROWS, COLS) {
Ok(())
} else {
Err(ErrorCode::NOSUPPORT)
}
}
fn set_pixel_format(&self, format: ScreenPixelFormat) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
match format {
ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_4BIT | ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_332 => {
self.pixel_format.set(format);
Ok(())
}
_ => Err(ErrorCode::NOSUPPORT),
}
}
fn set_rotation(&self, _rotation: ScreenRotation) -> Result<(), ErrorCode> {
todo!()
}
fn get_num_supported_resolutions(&self) -> usize {
1
}
fn get_supported_resolution(&self, index: usize) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
match index {
0 => Some((ROWS, COLS)),
_ => None,
}
}
fn get_num_supported_pixel_formats(&self) -> usize {
3
}
fn get_supported_pixel_format(&self, index: usize) -> Option<ScreenPixelFormat> {
match index {
0 => Some(ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_4BIT),
1 => Some(ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_332),
2 => Some(ScreenPixelFormat::RGB_565),
_ => None,
}
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> AlarmClient for Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S>
where
Self: 'static,
{
fn alarm(&self) {
match self.state.get() {
State::InitializingRest => {
// Better flip it once too many than go out of spec
// by stretching the flip period.
self.extcomin.set();
self.disp.set();
self.arm_alarm();
let new_state = self.frame_buffer.take().map_or_else(
|| {
debug!(
"LPM013M126 driver lost its frame buffer in state {:?}",
self.state.get()
);
State::Bug
},
|mut buffer| {
buffer.initialize();
self.frame_buffer.replace(buffer);
State::Idle
},
);
self.state.set(new_state);
if let State::Idle = new_state {
self.client.map(|client| client.screen_is_ready());
}
}
_ => {
self.extcomin.toggle();
}
};
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> SpiMasterClient for Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S> {
fn read_write_done(
&self,
write_buffer: SubSliceMut<'static, u8>,
_read_buffer: Option<SubSliceMut<'static, u8>>,
status: Result<usize, ErrorCode>,
) {
self.frame_buffer.replace(FrameBuffer::new(write_buffer));
self.state.set(match self.state.get() {
State::InitializingPixelMemory => {
// Rather than initialize them separately, wait longer and do both
// for 2 reasons:
// 1. the upper limit of waiting is only specified for both,
// 2. and state flipping code is annoying and bug-friendly.
let delay = self.alarm.ticks_from_us(150);
self.alarm.set_alarm(self.alarm.now(), delay);
State::InitializingRest
}
State::AllClearing => {
if let Some(mut fb) = self.frame_buffer.take() {
fb.set_line_header(
0,
&CommandHeader {
mode: Mode::Input4Bit,
gate_line: 1,
},
);
let mut send_buf = fb.data;
let first_row = cmp::min(ROWS as u16, self.frame.get().row);
let offset = first_row as usize * LINE_LEN;
let len = cmp::min(ROWS as u16 - first_row, self.frame.get().height) as usize
* LINE_LEN;
send_buf.slice(offset..(offset + len + 2));
let _ = self.spi.read_write_bytes(send_buf, None);
}
State::Writing
}
State::Writing => {
if let Some(mut fb) = self.frame_buffer.take() {
fb.initialize();
self.frame_buffer.set(fb);
}
State::Idle
}
// can't get more buggy than buggy
other => {
debug!(
"LPM013M126 received unexpected SPI complete in state {:?}",
other
);
State::Bug
}
});
if let State::Idle = self.state.get() {
// Device frame buffer is now up to date, return pixel buffer to client.
self.client.map(|client| {
self.buffer.take().map(|buf| {
let data = SubSliceMut::new(buf);
client.write_complete(data, status.map(|_| ()))
})
});
}
}
}
// DeferredCall requires a unique client for each DeferredCall so that different callbacks
// can be distinguished.
struct ReadyCallbackHandler<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> {
lpm: OptionalCell<&'a Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S>>,
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> ReadyCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S> {
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
lpm: OptionalCell::empty(),
}
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> DeferredCallClient
for ReadyCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S>
where
Self: 'static,
{
fn handle_deferred_call(&self) {
self.lpm.map(|l| l.handle_ready_callback());
}
fn register(&'static self) {
self.lpm.map(|l| l.ready_callback.register(self));
}
}
struct CommandCompleteCallbackHandler<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> {
lpm: OptionalCell<&'a Lpm013m126<'a, A, P, S>>,
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> CommandCompleteCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S> {
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
lpm: OptionalCell::empty(),
}
}
}
impl<'a, A: Alarm<'a>, P: Pin, S: SpiMasterDevice<'a>> DeferredCallClient
for CommandCompleteCallbackHandler<'a, A, P, S>
where
Self: 'static,
{
fn handle_deferred_call(&self) {
self.lpm.map(|l| l.handle_command_complete_callback());
}
fn register(&'static self) {
self.lpm.map(|l| l.command_complete_callback.register(self));
}
}